Anesthesiology Demystified for the Internist
Brief History of Anesthesia Worldwide and in the United States: From Ether to Modern Era.- The Anesthesia Workforce.- Anesthesiology and its Subspecialties.- Why Internists Need to Understand the Basics of Anesthesia Practice.- Dynamics of the Operating and Procedure Room.- Non-Operating Room Anesthesia (NORA): Endoscopy, Catheterization Laboratory, Interventional Radiology and MRI.- Preoperative Assessment and Optimization: History, Risk Stratification and Special Considerations.- The Role of the Internist in Perioperative Medicine.- Perioperative testing from the lens of anesthesiologist.- Monitoring Techniques in Anesthesia.- Core Anesthetic Agents: Intravenous agents, Inhalational Anesthetics and Neuromuscular Blockers.- Pharmacological Adjuncts and Special Medications: Opioids, Dexmedetomidine and Local Anesthetics.- Monitored Anesthesia Care.- Regional Anesthesia: Peripheral Nerve Blocks.- Neuraxial Anesthesia: Spinal, Epidural, and Combined Techniques.- General Anesthesia: Induction, Maintenance and Emergence.- Surgical Positioning: Techniques, Physiologic Implications, and Perioperative Risks.- Post-Anesthesia Care Unit: Structure, Assessment and Discharge Criteria.- Post-operative Delirium, Cognitive Dysfunction, delayed emergence and intraoperative awareness.- Post-operative Cardiac Complications: Myocardial Infarction, Arrhythmias, Heart failure and Tamponade.- Post-operative Pulmonary Complications: Hypoventilation, Atelectasis, Pneumonia, Pulmonary Embolism, and ARDS.- Post-operative renal complications and acute kidney injury.- Post-operative Gastrointestinal and Hepatic Complications.- Post-operative coagulopathy and bleeding.- Post-operative Nausea and Vomiting: Risk, Prevention, and Treatment.- Malignant Hyperthermia: Pathophysiology, Diagnosis, Prevention and Management.- Local Anesthetic Systemic Toxicity: Recognition, Prevention and Management.- Post-operative Pain Management.- Perioperative Consultation: Building an Effective Co-Management Model.- Perioperative Medicine Case Discussions: An Anesthesiologist’s Perspective for Internists.- Future Directions: Perioperative Medicine as a Collaborative Specialty.- Epilogue: A Personal Journey from Medical Optimization to Intraoperative Management.
